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Old August 7th, 2016 #141
Alex Him
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Ivan Aivazovsky (XXXVI)



Ледяные горы в Антарктиде (1870) / Icebergs in Antarctica (1870)





Океан (1896) / Ocean (1896)





Вид Амстердама (1854) / View of Amsterdam (1854)





Буря на Северном море (1865) / Tempest on the North sea (1865)

"The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, with an area of around 570,000 square kilometres (220,000 sq mi).

The North Sea has long been the site of important European shipping lanes as well as a major fishery. The sea is a popular destination for recreation and tourism in bordering countries and more recently has developed into a rich source of energy resources including fossil fuels, wind, and early efforts in wave power.

Historically, the North Sea has featured prominently in geopolitical and military affairs, particularly in Northern Europe but also globally through the power northern Europeans projected worldwide during much of the Middle Ages and into the modern era. The North Sea was the centre of the Vikings' rise. Subsequently, the Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, and the British each sought to dominate the North Sea and thus the access to the markets and resources of the world. As Germany's only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars.

The coast of the North Sea presents a diversity of geological and geographical features. In the north, deep fjords and sheer cliffs mark the Norwegian and Scottish coastlines, whereas in the south it consists primarily of sandy beaches and wide mudflats. Due to the dense population, heavy industrialization, and intense use of the sea and area surrounding it, there have been a number of environmental issues affecting the sea's ecosystems. Environmental concerns — commonly including overfishing, industrial and agricultural runoff, dredging, and dumping among others — have led to a number of efforts to prevent degradation of the sea while still making use of its economic potential."

Text by Wikipedia.





Буря на Северном море (1875) / Tempest on the North sea (1875)





Кораблекрушение в Северном море (1875) / The Shipwreck on North sea (1875)





Крушение корабля "Ингерманланд" в Скагерраке в ночь на 30 августа 1842 года (1876) / Wreck ship 'Ingermanland' in the Skagerrak at night 30th August 1842 (1876)

"The Skagerrak is a strait running between the southeast coast of Norway, the southwest coast of Sweden, and the Jutland peninsula of Denmark, connecting the North Sea and the Kattegat sea area, which leads to the Baltic Sea.

Oslo is the only large city in the Skagerrak region.

Skagerrak contain some of the busiest shipping routes in the world, with vessels from every corner of the globe. It also supports an intensive fishing industry. The ecosystem is strained and negatively affected by direct human activities.

The Skagerrak is 240 km (150 mi) long and between 80 and 140 km (50 and 87 mi) wide. It deepens toward the Norwegian coast, reaching over 700 metres at the Norwegian Trench. Some ports along the Skagerrak are Oslo and Kristiansand in Norway and Uddevalla and Strömstad in Sweden.

The Skagerrak has an average salinity of 30 practical salinity units, which is very low, close to that of brackish water, but comparable to most other coastal waters. The area available to biomass is about 3,600 km2 (1,400 sq mi) and includes a wide variety of habitats, from shallow sandy and stony reefs in Sweden and Denmark to the depths of the Norwegian trench."

Text by Wikipedia.





Ревель (1844) / Reval (1844)

"Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn occupies an area of 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) and has a population of 440,950. Approximately 32% of Estonia's total population lives in Tallinn.

Founded in 1248 but the earliest human settlements date back to 3000 years BC, making it one of the oldest capital cities of Northern Europe. Due to its important strategic location the city soon became a major trade hub, especially between the 14th to 16th century when it grew to be a key center of commerce within the Hanseatic League. Tallinn's Old Town is one of the best preserved and intact medieval cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city was known as Reval from the 13th century until 1918 and again during the Nazi occupation of Estonia from 1941 to 1944."

Text by Wikipedia.





Морское сражение при Ревеле 2 мая 1790 года (1846) / Sea battle at Reval 2nd May 1790 (1846)

"The naval Battle of Reval or took place on 13 May 1790 (2 May OS) during the Russo-Swedish War (1788-1790), off the port of Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia).

Undaunted by the Swedish defeats and failures during 1789, the Swedish king, Gustav III sent the battlefleet under his brother Prince Karl, Duke of Södermanland, to eliminate Admiral Chichagov's Russian squadron, which had wintered in the harbour at Reval.

General-Admiral Duke Karl approached Reval with 26 ships of the line and large frigates mounting a combined 1,680 cannon. Chichagov, preparing to meet the enemy in the harbour, formed a battle line made up of 9 ships of the line and the frigate Venus.

The Russian fleet (9 ships of the line, 5 frigates) was anchored in a line going from Reval harbour towards the Viimsi (Wims) peninsula. The first line consisted of nine ships of the line and frigates (the 100-gun battleships Rostislav and Saratov, 74-gun Kir Ioann, Mstislav, Sv. Yelena and Yaroslav, 66-gun Pobedonosets, Boleslav and Izyaslav and the 40-gun frigate Venus). In the second line, four frigates - Podrazhislav (32 guns), Slava (32), Nadezhda Blagopoluchiya (32) and Pryamislav (36). Two bomb-vessels were deployed on the flanks. The third line was composed of seven launches.

The Swedish fleet under the command of General-Admiral Duke Karl of Södermanland consisted of 22 ships of the line, four frigates and four smaller vessels. It entered the harbour and started passing by the anchored Russian ships.

Due to strong winds and inaccurate aiming, most Swedish projectiles ricocheted past their targets, while the Russian ships that were anchored within the protected area of the harbour were able to use their guns much more effectively. The ship of the Swedish General-Admiral, which could not be brought into the wind due to a rigging problem, was forced to drift towards Rostislav and received major damage from grapeshot. The 64-gun battleship Prins Karl, fifteenth the Swedish line, lost her rudder to Russian fire and had to strike her colours.

The Duke of Södermanland directed the battle from the frigate Ulla Fersen, beyond the range of Russian fire. After a two-hour artillery duel he ordered his ships to break off the engagement; hence the last ten ships of Swedish line veered off without firing a shot. The Swedish ship Riksens Ständer hit the reef north of Aegna (Wolf) island. Swedish attempts to dislodge her failed, and the Swedes were forced to burn her so that the Russians would be unable to take her.

The Battle of Reval was a resounding Russian victory. The Swedes lost two ships of the line, and were forced to retreat despite their almost twofold numerical superiority. Swedish losses were 51 killed, 81 wounded, and 250 captured. Russian losses were 8 killed and 27 injured.

After the battle the Swedish fleet partially repaired at the sea, and then sailed away east of Hogland Island."

Text by Wikipedia.





Свеаборг (1844) / Sveaborg (1844)

"Suomenlinna (Finnish) or Sveaborg (Swedish), until 1918 Viapori (Finnish), is an inhabited sea fortress built on six islands (Kustaanmiekka, Susisaari, Iso-Mustasaari, Pikku-Mustasaari, Länsi-Mustasaari and Långören) and which now forms part of the city of Helsinki, the capital of Finland.

Suomenlinna is a UNESCO World Heritage site and popular with tourists and locals, who enjoy it as a picturesque picnic site. Originally named Sveaborg (Fortress of Svea), or Viapori as called by Finnish-speaking Finns, it was renamed Suomenlinna (Castle of Finland) in 1918 for patriotic and nationalistic reasons, though it is sometimes known by its original name.

The Swedish crown commenced the construction of the fortress in 1748 as protection against Russian expansionism. The general responsibility for the fortification work was given to Augustin Ehrensvärd. The original plan of the bastion fortress was strongly influenced by the ideas of Vauban, the foremost military engineer of the time, and the principles of star fort style of fortification, albeit adapted to a group of rocky islands.

In addition to the island fortress itself, seafacing fortifications on the mainland would ensure that an enemy would not acquire a beach-head from which to stage attacks. The plan was also to stock munitions for the whole Finnish contingent of the Swedish Army and Royal Swedish Navy there. In the Finnish War the fortress surrendered to Russia on May 3, 1808, paving the way for the occupation of Finland by Russian forces in 1809."

Text by Wikipedia.


 
Old August 7th, 2016 #142
Robbie Key
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Wow. Never heard of Aivazovsky. What a great artist.
 
Old August 7th, 2016 #143
Alex Him
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Robbie Key View Post
Wow. Never heard of Aivazovsky. What a great artist.
I am very glad!
And the topic was opened especially for this.
In order to you and I learned something new.
I never seen before most of these paintings.
 
Old August 8th, 2016 #144
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Ivan Aivazovsky (XXXVII)



Финский залив (1848) / The Gulf of Finland (1848)

"The Gulf of Finland (Finnish: Suomenlahti; Estonian: Soome laht; Russian: Фи́нский зали́в; Swedish: Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland (to the north) and Estonia (to the south) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it. Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn. The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia, and some of Russia's most important oil harbours are located farthest in, near Saint Petersburg (including Primorsk). As the seaway to Saint Petersburg, the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia. Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf.

The area of the gulf is 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi). The length (from the Hanko Peninsula to Saint Petersburg) is 400 km (250 mi) and the width varies from 70 km (43 mi) near the entrance to 130 km (81 mi) on the meridian of Moshchny Island; in the Neva Bay, it decreases to 12 km (7.5 mi). The gulf is relatively shallow with the depth decreasing from the entrance to the gulf to the continent. The sharpest change occurs near Narva-Jõesuu, which is why this place is called Narva wall. The average depth is 38 m (125 ft) with the maximum of 100 m (330 ft). The depth of the Neva Bay is less than 6 metres (20 ft); therefore, a channel was dug at the bottom for safe navigation. Because of the large influx of fresh water from rivers, especially from the Neva River (two-thirds of the total runoff), the gulf water has very low salinity – between 0.2 and 5.8 ‰ at the surface and 0.3–8.5 ‰ near the bottom. The average water temperature is close to 0 °C in winter; in summer, it is 15–17 °C (59–63 °F) at the surface and 2–3 °C (36–37 °F) at the bottom. The gulf is usually frozen from late November to late April; the freezing starts in the east and gradually proceeds to the west. Complete freezing is usually reached by late January, and it might not occur in mild winters. There are frequent strong western winds causing waves, surges of water and floods."

Text by Wikipedia.





Морское сражение при Выборге 29 июня 1790 года (1846) / Sea battle near Vyborg 29th June 1790 (1846)

"Vyborg (Russian Cyrillic: Выборг, Finnish: Viipuri, Estonian: Viiburi, Swedish: Viborg, German: Wiborg) is a town and the administrative center of Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of the Vyborg Bay, 130 kilometers (81 mi) to the northwest of St. Petersburg and 38 kilometers (24 mi) south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland.

The town lies in the boundary zone between the East Slavic/Russian and Finnish worlds and has changed hands several times in history, most ultimately in 1944 when it was retaken by the Soviet Union from Finland during World War II."


"The Battle of Viborg Bay was a naval battle fought between Russia and Sweden on July 4, 1790, during the Russo-Swedish War (1788-1790). The Swedish Navy suffered heavy losses, losing six ships of the line and four frigates, but Gustav III of Sweden eventually ensured a Swedish naval escape through a Russian naval blockade composed of units of the Baltic Fleet, commanded by Admiral Vasili Chichagov. The battle ranks among the world's largest historical naval battles and also among the most influential, as it introduced the naval battle concept of "firepower over mobility".

On June 21, 1790, Prince Nassau-Siegen attacked the Swedes at Björkö Sound with 89 ships. Then, at nightfall on July 3 (June 22 OS), 1790 Gustav III of Sweden ordered the breakout to commence from Krysserort at 10:00 on the following day.

At 02:00 on July 4, 1790, Swedish units bombarded Russian shore batteries. At the same time, Swedish sloops, led by Lieutenant Colonel Jacob Törning, attacked a Russian naval unit just west of Vasikansaari Island, west of Björkö sound.

Just prior to 07:00 that morning, Gustav III of Sweden spoke with then captain Johan Puke of the 64-gun ship of the line, the Dristigheten ("The Audacity"), which would lead the breakout. Moments later, Puke, aboard the Dristigheten, led a line of ships and the Swedish naval fleet away from the bay, through the western channel, around the Salvors shallows into the middle of the channel between the shallows and Krysserort, and towards the first Russian ships of the line, the Seslav and Saint Peter which were part of the Russian Admiral Povalishin's squadron deployed to block the channel leading to west.

This line of ships consisted of the flagship the Konung Gustaf III (with Prince Grand Admiral Duke Carl aboard), the Seraphimerorden (with Gustav III of Sweden aboard) - in the line's center, the Manligheten ("The Manliness", sister ship of the Dristigheten), the other ships of line, the navy frigates, the frigate Zemire, the 70-gun ship of the line Enigheten ("The Unity"), and three fire barges, used to set fire to enemy ships. Meanwhile, the flotilla protected the naval fleet, on a parallel course further west, nearer the shoreline. Immediately prior to the engagement, Gustav III transferred onto a smaller sloop. Puke ordered all non-essential personnel below decks and, moments later, the Swedish navy engaged the Russian blockade, splitting between the Selsav and the Saint Peter. Gustav III of Sweden was rowed through the fire, but the flagship Konung Gustaf III was hit and the Grand Admiral Duke Carl injured.

While the blockading Russian ships opened fire on the Swedish vanguard the damage caused by the Russian ships was relatively small and the large vanguard ships remained fully capable of action. Swedish fire when sailing past the blockading Russian ships however caused damage to several of the Russian ships. By the time the main body of the Swedish fleets arrived to the blockade the Russian ships posed no longer any danger to the Swedes. At least one of the Russian vessels had substantial damage during the battle. Russian frigate squadron west of the Povalishin's ships was too far out with their visibility obscured by gunpowder smoke to prevent the Swedish ships from breaching the blockade. Near total inactivity of the main body of the Russian fleet of Admiral Chichagov aided the Swedes.

Once through the first group of ships, Gustav III of Sweden reboarded the Seraphimerorden. The king's personal ship, the Amphion survived with no damage. Further west, the galley fleet line of ships consisting sequentially of the frigates Styrbjörn and Norden ("North"), six Turuma squadron ships, Sällan Värre ("Rarely Worse"), the remaining archipelago frigates, Malmberg's and Hjelmstierna's coastal squadrons, and Colonel Jacob Tönningen's assigned gun sloops and gun tenders, passed the first Russian set of ships, then engaged the second. The Styrbjörn was subjected to heavy fire, but managed to pass through and score some hits on Russian commander Povalishin's ship and on the bomb ship Pobeditel ("Victor").

As the majority of both Swedish fleets passed through the blockade, Ensign Sandel, commanding the fireship Postiljonen ("Postman"), towed by the 74-gun ship of the line Enigheten, set his ship on fire too early. He then, under alcoholic intoxication, committed a series of errors which caused the fireship to drift towards the Enigheten, setting it on fire, and then to collide with the Swedish 40-gun frigate Zemire, with all three ships exploding in an enormous channel-covering cascade of debris and smoke. The explosion severely damaged or destroyed ships within or trying to get through the blockade. The Russian ship groups blocking the Swedish fleets were disrupted by passing Swedish ships. ‘'Rättvisan’’ and ‘'Sofia Magdalina’’ were captured.

The Swedish navy lost a total of eight ships (seven running aground in the heavy smoke from the explosion): four grounded ships of the line - the 64-gun Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotta (though her captain, Jindric Johan Nauckhoff, continued firing at the Russian frigates until the end), the Finland at the Salvors shallows, the 74-gun Lovisa Ulrika at the Passaloda shallows just south of Reipie, and the 64-gun Ömheten (the Tenderness) at the Pensar islets - and one shipwrecked ship of the line (the Auroras), although the king's British naval adviser Sidney Smith was saved; three frigates including the Uppland and the Jarrislawitz ("Yaroslavets," captured in 1788 from Russia), both at the Passaloda shallows. The Russians lost only 117 killed and 164 wounded, not a single ship was lost to enemy fire.

The two Swedish fleets followed separate routes from the bay. The battlefleet accompanied by most of the heavier elements of the archipelago fleet (such as the archipelago frigates) sailed to the open sea while the rest of the archipelago fleet followed the much shallower route closer to the land. However the Russian frigate squadron commanded by Crown was deployed expressly to blockade the shallower route which forced the light Swedish gun sloops, gun yawls and galleys to head to more open waters where the waves and winds rendered the Swedish archipelago fleet almost totally incapable of fighting. Noticing that the Swedes sailed further out and the problems that it had caused Crown set after them and forced several of the Swedish ships to strike their colors as he threatened to run over the small Swedish ships struggling in the open sea. Crown's squadron very nearly captured Gustaf III but were turned away almost on the last seconds by the orders from Chichagov to start pursuit of the Swedish battlefleet just as Crown's frigate was about to capture the ship where Gustaf III was. As the Russians had only sent few prize crews in their hurry to force Swedish ships to surrender most of the Swedish ships which had surrendered raised their flags again or overpowered the prize crews and rejoined the Swedish archipelago fleet once the frigate squadron had been ordered to leave.

The Swedish archipelago fleet lost four galleys to the shallows: the Ehrenpreuss, the Palmstierna, the Nerika. These ships were all run aground at the Pensar islet, close to the second set of Russian ships and the Russian ship Noli Me Tangere (Не тронь меня), only Nerika was able get escape while others were forced to struck their colors. Additionally galleys Östergötland, Nordstjerneorden, Ekeblad and Dalarne were captured by the Russians while the Swedish were trying to avoid Russian frigate squadron blocking the coastal sea route.

The Swedish warships that survived the breakout headed into open seas, assembled at Vidskär skerry just south of Pitkäpaasi, and then sailed to Sveaborg fortress near Helsinki, Finland for repairs. Chichagov was late in pursuing the Swedish navy, but pursued them to Sveaborg. The next day, Captain Crown captured the 62-gun Retvisan ("Justice" in old Swedish spelling) with the help of the 66-gun Izyaslav (The Imperial Russian Navy would subsequently name other ships "Retvisan").

The Swedish battlefleet retired to Sveaborg for repairs while the Swedish archipelago fleet made for a strong defensive position at Svensksund, near Kotka. An impetuous Russian attack on the Swedish archipelago fleet on July 9 at the Second Battle of Svensksund resulted in a disaster for the Russians, and both parties would sue for peace."

Texts by Wikipedia.





Кронштадтский рейд (1840) / The Roads at Kronstadt (1840)

"Kronstadt (Russian: Кроншта́дт), also spelled Kronshtadt, Cronstadt or Kronštádt (German: Krone for "crown" and Stadt for "city"; Finnish: Retusaari, Estonian: Kroonlinn), is a municipal town in Kronshtadtsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on Kotlin Island, 30 kilometers (19 mi) west of St. Petersburg proper near the head of the Gulf of Finland.

It is also St. Petersburg's main seaport. In March 1921, it was the site of the Kronstadt rebellion.

Traditionally, the seat of the Russian admiralty and the base of the Russian Baltic Fleet were located in Kronstadt guarding the approaches to Saint Petersburg. The historic centre of the city and its fortifications are part of the World Heritage Site Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.

Kronstadt was founded by Peter the Great, who took the island of Kotlin from the Swedes in 1703. The first fortifications were inaugurated on May 18, 1704.

These fortifications, known as Kronstadt's Forts, were constructed very quickly. During the winter the Gulf of Finland freezes completely. Workers used thousands of frames made of oak logs filled with stones. These were carried by horses across the frozen sea, and placed in cuttings made in the ice. Thus, several new small islands were created, and forts were erected on them, closing all access to Saint-Petersburg by the sea. Only two narrow navigable channels remained, and the strongest forts guarded them.

Kronstadt was thoroughly refortified in the 19th century. The old three-decker forts, five in number, which formerly constituted the principal defences of the place, and defied the Anglo-French fleets during the Crimean War, became of secondary importance. From the plans of Eduard Totleben a new fort, Constantine, and four batteries were constructed (1856–1871) to defend the principal approach, and seven batteries to cover the shallower northern channel. All these fortifications were low and thickly armored earthworks, powerfully armed with heavy Krupp guns in turrets. The town itself is surrounded with an enceinte."

Text by Wikipedia.





Большой рейд в Кронштадте (1836) / The Great Roads at Kronstadt (1836)





Кронштадт Форт "Император Александр I" (1844) / Kronstadt fort 'The emperor Alexander I' (1844)

"Fort Alexander, also Fort Alexander I, or Plague Fort (Russian: Форт Александр Первый or Russian: Чумной форт Chumnoy fort, English: "Plague fort") is a naval fortress on an artificial island in the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. In 1899–1917, the fort housed a research laboratory on plague and other bacterial diseases.

Since the formation of Saint Petersburg in 1703, the waterways in the Gulf of Finland were of strategic importance for Russia. Peter I initiated the construction of forts in the Gulf of Finland and directed the foundation of the first military installation on the island of Kotlin, Fort Kronshlot, in 1704. Throughout the following two centuries, Russia continued to fortify the area.

Louis Barthelemy Carbonnier d'Arsit de Gragnac (aka Lev Lvovich Carbonnier) drafted the initial blueprint for Fort Alexander. Earlier, he had planned the 1827 reconstruction of another military installation in the Gulf of Finland, Fort Citadel (later Fort Peter I). Upon Carbonnier's death in 1836, Jean Antoine Maurice (aka Moris Gugovich Destrem), a Russian military engineer of French origin, revised the plan for a new fort. The construction began in 1838 and under the supervision of another Russian military engineer, Mikhail von der Veide. The builders drove 5535 piles, each 12-meters long, into the sea bed to reinforce the ground. They then covered the piles with a layer of sand, a layer of concrete blocks, and a layer of granite slabs. The brickwork of the fort received granite face-work. Emperor Nikolay I officially commissioned the fort on 27 July 1845; the fort was named to honor his brother, Emperor Alexander I.

The fort's design is close to that of Fort Boyard in France. It is an oval-shaped building with a yard in its center. The building measures 90 meters by 60 meters, with three floors. The overall floor space is over 5000 sq. meters. In all, the fort was large enough to hold a garrison of up to 1000 men. There are 103 cannon ports with additional space on the roof for 34 guns."

Text by Wikipedia.





Смольный монастырь. Закат солнца. (1847) / Smolny convent. Sunset. (1847)

"Smolny Convent of the Resurrection (Voskresensky), located on Rastrelli square, on the bank of the River Neva in Saint Petersburg, Russia, consists of a cathedral and a complex of buildings surrounding it, originally intended for a convent.

This Russian Orthodox convent was built to house Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great. After she was disallowed succession to the throne, she opted to become a nun. However her Imperial predecessor, Ivan VI was overthrown during a coup d'état (carried out by the royal guards in 1741). Elizabeth then decided against entering monastic life and accepted the offer of the Russian throne and work on the convent continued with her royal patronage.

The Cathedral is the centerpiece of the convent, built by Rastrelli between 1748 and 1764. The projected bell-tower was to become the tallest building in St. Petersburg and, at the time, all of Russia. Elizabeth's death in 1762 prevented Rastrelli from completing this grand design.

When Catherine II assumed the throne, it was found that the new Empress strongly disapproved of the baroque style, and funding that had supported the construction of the convent rapidly ran out. Rastrelli was unable to build the huge bell-tower he had planned and unable to finish the interior of the cathedral. The building was only finished in 1835 by Vasily Stasov with the addition of a neo-classical interior to suit the changed architectural tastes at the time. The Cathedral was consecrated on 22 July 1835; its main altar was dedicated to the Resurrection and the two side altars were dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene and Righteous Elizabeth. The church was closed by the Soviet authorities in 1923. It was looted and allowed to decay until 1982, when it became a Concert Hall."

Text by Wikipedia.





Смольный монастырь (1849) / Smolny convent (1849)





Вид на взморье в окрестностях Петербурга (1835) / View of the coast near St. Petersburg (1835)





Вид Петербурга (1888) / View of St. Peterburg (1888)





Петербургская биржа (1847) / The Stock Exchange of St. Peterburg (1847)


 
Old August 8th, 2016 #145
Alex Him
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Ivan Aivazovsky (XXXVIII)



Петербург. Переправа через Неву. (1870-ые) / St. Petersburg. Сrossing of the Neva. (the 1870s)

"The Neva (Russian: Нева́) is a river in northwestern Russia flowing from Lake Ladoga through the western part of Leningrad Oblast (historical region of Ingria) to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland.

The Neva is the only river flowing from Lake Ladoga. It flows through the city of Saint Petersburg, three smaller towns of Shlisselburg, Kirovsk and Otradnoye, and dozens of settlements. The river is navigable throughout and is part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway and White Sea – Baltic Canal."

Text by Wikipedia.





Вид на Большой Каскад и Большой Петергофский дворец (1837) / View of the Big Cascade in Petergof and the Great Palace of Petergof (1837)

"Petergof (Russian: Петерго́ф) or Peterhof (German and Dutch for "Peter's Court"), known as Petrodvorets (Петродворец) from 1944 to 1997, is a municipal town in Petrodvortsovy District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, located on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland.

The town hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University and the Petrodvorets Watch Factory, one of the leading Russian watch manufactures. A series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the "Russian Versailles", is also situated there. The palace-ensemble along with the city center is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The dominant natural feature of Peterhof Grand Palace is a sixteen-meter-high bluff lying less than a hundred meters from the shore. The so-called Lower Gardens (Nizhny Sad), at 1.02 square kilometers (0.39 sq mi) comprising the better part of the palace complex land area, are confined between this bluff and the shore, stretching east and west for roughly 200 meters (660 ft). The majority of Peterhof's fountains are contained here, as are several small palaces and outbuildings. East of the Lower Gardens lies the Alexandria Park with 19th-century Gothic Revival structures such as the Gothic Chapel.

Atop the bluff, near the middle of the Lower Gardens, stands the Grand Palace (Bolshoy Dvorets). To the south of it are the comparatively small Upper Gardens (Verhny Sad). Upon the bluff's face below the Palace is the Grand Cascade (Bolshoy Kaskad). This and the Grand Palace are the centerpiece of the entire complex. At its foot begins the Sea Channel (Morskoy Kanal), one of the most extensive waterworks of the Baroque period, which bisects the Lower Gardens."

Text by Wikipedia.





Вид на Москву с Воробьёвых гор (1848) / View of Moscow from Sparrow Hills (1848)

"Sparrow Hills (Russian: Воробьёвы го́ры), known as Lenin Hills (Ле́нинские го́ры) between 1935 and 1999, is a hill on the right bank of the Moskva River and one of the highest points in Moscow, reaching a height of 220 m (720 ft), or 60–70 m (200–230 ft) above the river level.

The observation platform, which gives a good panoramic view of the city, is on a steep bank 85 m (279 ft) above the river, or 200 m (660 ft) above sea level. The Luzhniki Stadium (formerly the Lenin Stadium), where the opening and closing ceremonies for the 1980 Summer Olympics took place, is right below, across the Moskva River. Next to it is the Novodevichy Convent, with its Naryshkin Baroque towers.

The hills, immortalized by many Russian poets and writers, been named after the village Vorobyovo, which was acquired by Grand Duchess Sophia Vitovtovna, Vitovt's only daughter, from the boyars Vorobyovs in 1453. Alexander I of Russia wished to build the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour there; his successor had construction works suspended and the cathedral eventually was erected near the Kremlin.

The main landmarks of the hills are the Moscow State University (at one time the tallest building in Europe) and the Trinity Church."

Text by Wikipedia.





Волга (1887) / Volga (1887)

"The Volga (Russian: Во́лга) is the longest river in Europe; it is also Europe's largest river in terms of discharge and watershed. It flows through central Russia and into the Caspian Sea, and is widely viewed as the national river of Russia.

Eleven of the twenty largest cities of Russia, including the capital, Moscow, are in the Volga's watershed (drainage basin).

Some of the largest reservoirs in the world can be found along the Volga. The river has a symbolic meaning in Russian culture and is often referred to as Волга-матушка Volga-Matushka (Mother Volga) in Russian literature and folklore."

Text by Wikipedia.





Волга у Жигулёвских гор (1887) / Volga near The Zhiguli Mountains (1887)

"The Zhiguli Mountains (Russian: Жигулëвские горы) or simply Zhiguli (Russian: Жигули́), sometimes called The Zhiguli Heights - Жигулëвская возвышенность, are a range of wooded mountains located in Russia on the right bank of the Volga River, in the Samara bend. The mountains are an important source of limestone and oil (extracted since the Great Patriotic War (World War II)) and are also popular as a scenic area for local and regional tourism. Their altitude reaches a maximum of c. 1,240 ft (380 m). The range is named for a nearby town Zhigulyovka (no longer extant), itself probably named for an early inhabitant, Zhegul (Russian: Жегуль). Formerly, the range was known as the Lada, after the river pirates who used to hide out in its wooded valleys, a name which is still in popular local usage today."

Text by Wikipedia.





Корабль "Двенадцать апостолов" (1897) / The ship 'Twelve Apostles' (1897)





Корабль "Императрица Мария" во время шторма (1892) / The ship 'Empress Maria' during the storm (1892)





Русский и французский фрегаты (1858) / Russian and French frigates (1858)





Контрабандисты (1884) / Smugglers (1884)





Контрабандисты (1890-ые) / Smugglers (the 1890s)


 
Old August 8th, 2016 #146
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Ivan Aivazovsky (XXXIX)



Фрегат под парусом (1838) / Frigate under sails (1838)





Спасающиеся от бури (1872) / Men are saving themselves from the tempest (1872)





Утро на море (1849) / Morning at Sea (1849)





Утро на море (1883) / Morning at Sea (1883)





Суда на рейде (1851) / Ships at anchor (1851)





Солнечный день (1884) / Sunny day (1884)





Скалистый остров (1855) / Rocky island (1855)





Приближение бури (1877) / Approximation of the storm (1877)





Морской залив (1842) / Sea bay (1842)





Вид приморского города (1877) / View of seaside town (1877)


 
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Ivan Aivazovsky (XL)



Вид приморского города вечером с зажжённым маяком (1870-ые) / View of seaside town in the evening with a lighthouse (1870)





Берег моря ночью. У маяка. (1837) / Sea shore at night. At the lighthouse. (1837)





Конец бури на море (1893) / The end of the storm at sea (1893)





Корабли в ночной тишине (1888) / Ships in the stillness of the night (1888)





Заход солнца на море (1866) / The sunset on sea (1866)





Море с розовым облаком / Sea with a pink cloud





Данте указывает художнику на необыкновенные облака (1883) / Dante shows to artist the unusual clouds (1883)

"Durante degli Alighieri, simply called Dante (1265 – 1321), was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa (modern Italian: Commedia) and later christened Divina by Boccaccio, is widely considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature."

Text by Wikipedia.





Венчание поэта в Древней Греции (1886) / The wedding of the poet in ancient Greece (1886)





Путешествие Посейдона по морю (1894) / Travel of Poseidon by sea (1894)





Взрыв корабля (1900) / Exploding Ship (1900)

This is the last (unfinished) painting of Aivazovsky.








I hope that the remaining ~ 5,600 paintings by Aivazovsky you find and see by yourself
 
Old August 12th, 2016 #148
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov



"Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (Russian: Алексе́й Архи́пович Лео́нов; born 30 May 1934 in Listvyanka, West Siberian Krai, Soviet Union) is a retired Soviet/Russian cosmonaut and Air Force Major general. On 18 March 1965, he became the first human to conduct extravehicular activity (EVA), exiting the capsule during the Voskhod 2 mission for a 12-minute spacewalk.

Leonov was one of the 20 Soviet Air Force pilots selected to be part of the first cosmonaut group in 1960. His walk in space was originally to have taken place on the Vostok 1 mission, but this was cancelled, and the historic event happened on the Voskhod 2 flight instead. He was outside the spacecraft for 12 minutes and nine seconds on 18 March 1965, connected to the craft by a 5.35-meter tether. At the end of the spacewalk, Leonov's spacesuit had inflated in the vacuum of space to the point where he could not re-enter the airlock. He opened a valve to allow some of the suit's pressure to bleed off and was barely able to get back inside the capsule. Leonov had spent eighteen months undergoing intensive weightlessness training for the mission.

Leonov's second trip into space was similarly significant: he commanded the Soviet half of the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission – Soyuz 19 – the first joint space mission between the Soviet Union and the United States.

From 1976 to 1982, Leonov was the commander of the cosmonaut team ("Chief Cosmonaut") and deputy director of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, where he oversaw crew training. He also edited the cosmonaut newsletter Neptune. He retired in 1992.

Leonov is an accomplished artist whose published books include albums of his artistic works and works he did in collaboration with his friend Andrei Sokolov. Leonov took coloured pencils and paper into space, where he sketched the Earth and drew portraits of the Apollo astronauts who flew with him during the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project."
















"Andrei Konstantinovich Sokolov (1931-2007) - Soviet and Russian artist-fiction (paintings, drawings, posters on space themes).

After the launch of Sputnik in 1957, all the creativity of Sokolov dedicated the theme of space exploration. He was the world's first artist who began drawing open space, without leaving the shop.

Since 1965, co-author of Sokolov has become a cosmonaut Alexei Leonov.
In the 1990s Sokolov participates in collaboration with American artist Robert McCall."














Texts by Wikipedia.





What you will see here, it was pictures from albums released in the USSR.





It is the pictures from album "Ждите нас, Звёзды!" (Wait for us, Stars!) - 1967.







L: Старт в космос / Start into space





L: До свиданья, Земля! / Goodbye, the Earth!





S: Выход на орбиту / [The spacecraft] put into the orbit





L: Корабль на орбите / The spacecraft on an orbit





L: Наша прекрасная планета / Our beautiful planet





L: Космическая заря / Сosmic dawn





L: Утро в космосе / Morning in space





L: Человек над планетой / The man above the planet [the Earth]





L: Голубой пояс / Blue waistband





L: Космическая киносъёмка / Cosmic filming



Last edited by Alex Him; August 12th, 2016 at 12:47 PM.
 
Old August 12th, 2016 #149
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (II)



L: Над Чёрным морем / Above the Black Sea





L: Впереди Земля / The Earth ahead

This means that the spacecraft is returning to Earth from outer space.





L: Возвращение / A return





L&S: Космические монтажники / Cosmic installers





L&S: Космические сварщики / Cosmic welders





L&S: Монтаж стартового спутника / Installation of the start satellite





L&S: Лифт в космос / Lift to space





L&S: Космические шофёры / Cosmic chauffeurs





L&S: Старт к Луне / Start to the Moon





L: Вблизи Луны / Near the Moon


 
Old August 12th, 2016 #150
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (III)



L: Перед прилунением / Before lunar landing





L: Мягкая посадка / Soft landing





L&S: Лунный вездеход / Lunar cross-country vehicle





S: Цветы Луны / Flowers of Moon





L&S: В Океане бурь / In the Ocean of Storms

"Oceanus Procellarum (Latin for "Ocean of Storms") is a vast lunar mare on the western edge of the near side of the Moon. It is the only one of the lunar maria to be called an "Oceanus" (ocean), due to its size: Oceanus Procellarum is the largest of the maria, stretching more than 2,500 km (1,600 mi) across its north-south axis and covering roughly 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)."

Text by Wikipedia.





L: Человек на Луне / The man on the Moon





L&S: Через трещину / [The machine moves] Through the cracks





S: Лунный вулкан / Lunar volcano





L&S: Солнечное затмение на Луне / The solar eclipse on the Moon





L&S: Строительство Лунограда / The construction of Moon-town



 
Old August 13th, 2016 #151
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (IV)



L&S: Люминесценция / Luminescence





S: Встречи с метеоритами / Come across with meteorites





L&S: Космодром / A cosmodrome





L&S: Извержение на Луне / The eruption on the Moon





L&S: Лунная электростанция / A lunar electrical power station





L&S: Первый лунный дом / The first lunar house





L&S: На селеноцентрической орбите / On a selenocentric orbit





L&S: В помещении космодрома / In the section of the cosmodrome





S: Здравствуй, родная планета! / Hello, home planet!

This mean that the astronauts returned to the base on the Moon after expedition and they see the Earth again.





S: Старт "Лунной" ракеты / Start of Lunar rocket


 
Old August 13th, 2016 #152
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (V)



S: Впереди - Марс / The Mars ahead





S: На спутнике Марса / On a moon of Mars





L&S: Марсианское утро / Martian morning





L&S: Марсианский полдень / Martian noon





S: Песчаная буря / A sandstorm





S: На Венеру / To the Venus





S: Спуск / A descent





S: У вулканического кратера / Near the volcanic crater [of Venus]





S: На пути - шаровая молния / The path of the spacecraft crosses the ball lightning





L&S: Проводы вездехода / Seeing off the cross-country vehicle



Last edited by Alex Him; August 13th, 2016 at 03:14 AM.
 
Old August 13th, 2016 #153
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (VI)



S: Венера - раскалённая / The burning hot Venus





S: Найден вымпел / The pennant is found





L&S: На спутнике Сатурна / On a moon of Saturn





S: В кольце Сатурна / In a ring of Saturn





S: К недрам Сатурна / Moving toward the bowels of Saturn





S: В метеорном потоке / In the meteor shower





S: На Плутоне / On the Pluto





L&S: Подготовка вездехода / Training of the cross-country vehicle





L&S: В путь! / Let's hit the road!





L&S: Вездеход в пещере / The cross-country vehicle in a cave


 
Old August 13th, 2016 #154
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (VII)



S: Старт с Плутона / Start from Pluto





S: Звездолёт у двойной звезды / An spaceship near binary star





S: Синее "утро" / Blue morning





S: Красный "вечер" / Red evening





S: На планете двух солнц / On the planet of two suns





S: "Молодая" планета / Young planet





S: Коралловые деревья / Coral trees





S: У голубой звезды / Near a blue star





S: Облёт планеты голубого солнца / Fly-by around the planet of the blue sun





S: Смерчи на планете / Tornadoes on the planet


 
Old August 13th, 2016 #155
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (VIII)



S: Магнитная "буря" / Magnetic storm





S: Через сто лет / One hundred years later

This mean that the deceased astronaut died 100 years ago.





S: Корабль в пути / A spaceship in the way





S: Организмы охотятся / [Alien] Organisms are hunting





S: Внеземная жизнь / Extraterrestrial life





S: "Рождение" метагалактики / The metagalaxy is born





S: "Юность" мира / "Youth" of the world





S: "Зрелость" мира / "Maturity" of the world





L&S: "Мудрость" мира / "Wisdom" of the world





S: К братьям по разуму / Toward brothers on reason

Here, the "brothers on reason" it is aliens from other planets.


 
Old August 15th, 2016 #156
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (IX)



S: На пороге / On the threshold





S: Внеземная архитектура / The extraterrestrial architecture





S: Электронный мозг / The electronic brain [on an alien planet]





S: Разведка другой цивилизации / Exploration of another civilization [by the human]





S: Встреча с неведомым / Come across with unknown things





S: Деформация пространства / The deformation of the space





S: Поперёк времени / [Moving] across the time





S: Прыжок в антимир / A jump into the antiworld










The next album was called "К звёздам!" (To the stars!) - 1970.








S: Первый в мире / The first [satellite] in the world





L&S: Старт космического корабля "Восток" / Start the spacecraft 'Vostok'

"Vostok 1 (Russian: Восто́к-1, East 1 or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first manned spaceflight in history. The Vostok 3KA space capsule was launched on April 12, 1961 from Baikonur Cosmodrome with Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, making him the first human to cross into outer space.

The orbital spaceflight consisted of a single orbit around Earth which skimmed the upper atmosphere at 169 kilometers (91 nautical miles) at its lowest point. The flight took 108 minutes from launch to landing. Gagarin parachuted to the ground separately from his capsule after ejecting at 7 km (23,000 ft) altitude."

Text by Wikipedia.


 
Old August 15th, 2016 #157
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (X)



L: Старт дан! / Start occurred





S: "Восток" в полёте. Отделение первой ступени. / 'Vostok' in flight. Branch of the first stage of the spacecraft.

"The four strap-on boosters of the Vostok rocket used up the last of their propellant and dropped away from the core vehicle."

Wikipedia.





L: Корабль вошёл в плотные слои атмосферы / The spacecraft entered the dense layers of the atmosphere





S: "Восток" начинает торможение / 'Vostok' starts to brake





L&S: "Восток" на орбите / 'Vostok' in orbit





S: Автоматическая стыковка / Automatic docking





L&S: "Восток" в полёте. Отделение второй ступени. / 'Vostok' in flight. Branch of the second stage of the spacecraft.





S: "Венера-4" у Венеры / 'Venera-4' near Venus

"Venera 4 (Russian: Венера-4 meaning Venus 4), also designated 1V (V-67) s/n 310 was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus. It was the first successful probe to perform in-place analysis of the environment of another planet. It may also have been the first probe to land on another planet, with the fate of its predecessor Venera 3 being unclear. Venera 4 provided the first chemical analysis of the Venusian atmosphere, showing it to be primarily carbon dioxide with a few percent of nitrogen and below one percent of oxygen and water vapors. The station detected a weak magnetic field and no radiation field. The outer atmospheric layer contained very little hydrogen and no atomic oxygen. The probe sent the first direct measurements proving that Venus was extremely hot, that its atmosphere was far denser than expected, and that it had lost most of its water long ago."

Text by Wikipedia.





S: "Венера-4" приближается к загадочной планете / 'Venera-4' come near to the mysterious planet





S: "Венера-4" ведёт радиопередачу / 'Venera-4' transmits radio signals


 
Old August 17th, 2016 #158
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (XI)



S: "Луна-9" начала торможение / 'Luna-9' started braking

"Luna 9, internal designation Ye-6 No.13, was an unmanned space mission of the Soviet Union's Luna programme. On 3 February 1966 the Luna 9 spacecraft became the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, or any planetary body other than Earth, and to transmit photographic data to Earth from the surface of another planetary body."

Text by Wikipedia.





S: "Луна-10". Отделение приборного отсека. / 'Luna-10'. Separation of the instrument compartment.

"Luna 10 (E-6S series) was a 1966 Soviet Luna program, robotic spacecraft mission, also called Lunik 10. It was the first artificial satellite of the Moon.

The Luna 10 spacecraft was launched towards the Moon from an Earth orbiting platform on March 31, 1966. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on April 3, 1966 and completed its first orbit 3 hours later (on April 4, Moscow time). After a midcourse correction on 1 April, Luna 10, the second of two hastily prepared Soviet Ye-6S probes (that is, the backup), successfully entered lunar orbit two days later at 18:44 UT. A 245-kilogram instrument compartment separated from the main bus, which was in a 350 x 1,000-kilometer orbit inclined at 71.9° to the lunar equator.

Luna 10 was battery powered and operated for 460 lunar orbits and 219 active data transmissions before radio signals were discontinued on May 30, 1966."

Text by Wikipedia.





S: "Луна-10" над Луной / 'Luna-10' over the Moon





L&S: Цветок Луны / "Flower" of the Moon





L&S: Вокруг Луны / [Flight] Around the Moon





S: У Луны. Корабль идёт на посадку. / Near the Moon. The spacecraft descends to the surface.





L: Ракета на Луне / The rocket on the Moon





S: Старт с Луны / Start from the Moon





S: Подъём ракеты / The blast-off of the rocket





S: Над Луной. Стыковка ракеты с космическим кораблём. / Over the Moon. The docking of the rocket with the spacecraft.


 
Old August 19th, 2016 #159
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (XII)



L&S: Старт с лунной орбиты / Start from the lunar orbit





S: На земном космодроме / On the cosmodrome of the Earth





S: Встреча на орбите / Meeting in the orbit





L&S: Монтаж космического корабля / Assembly of the spacecraft





S: Первый лунный космодром / The first lunar spaceport





L&S: Автоматическая сборка орбитальной станции / Automatic assembly of the space station





S: Спутник-лаборатория на орбите / The satellite with the laboratory in orbit





S: Пойманный астероид / An asteroid was caught





S: Им светит Земля / Earth shines to them





S: К Марсу! / To the Mars!


 
Old August 19th, 2016 #160
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Alexey Leonov & Andrei Sokolov (XIII)



S: Искусственный спутник Марса / An artificial moon of Mars





S: На спутнике Марса / On the moon of Mars





S: Марс. Метеорный дождь. / The Mars. Meteor rain.





S: Вблизи Солнца / Near the Sun





S: Венера. Монтаж радиоантенны. / The Venus. Installation of the radio antenna.





S: Мир двойных теней / The world of double shadows





S: Венера. Посадка грузовой ракеты. / The Venus. Landing of cargo rocket.





S: В космическом доке / In the cosmic dock





S: Плутон. Разгрузка ракеты. / The Pluto. Unloading of the rocket.





S: На дне газового океана / At the bottom of the gas ocean


 
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